Tropical Cyclone WarningIf Typhoon Signal No. 8 or above is issued, Blue Care Medical Centres will be closed-while the warning signal is in force.-Depending on the traffic and weather conditions, we will resume services gradually in 2 hours after the Typhoon Signal No. 8 or above is cancelled.-Black Rainstorm Warning SignalIf Black Rainstorm Warning Signal is issued before the clinic session, Blue Care Medical Centres will be closed-while the warning signal is in force. However, clinic remains openif the Black Rainstorm Signal is issued during the clinic session.-Depending on the traffic and weather conditions, we will resume normal services as soon as possible in 2 hours after the Black Rainstorm Warning Signal is cancelled.-Patients who have made their clinic appointments are advised to contact and confirm with the clinic before arrival, and clinic staff will contact the booked appointments for rearrangement.

The Vaccination Subsidy Scheme 2025/26 will be launched on 25 September. Eligible persons can present relevant supporting document to receive influenza vaccination subsidy at Blue Care Medical Centre without extra charge._The eligible groups are Hong Kong residents who are:– Pregnancy women– Aged 50 years or above– Children between 6 months tounder 18 years or attending secondary schools in Hong Kong– Persons receiving disability allowance– Persons with Intellectual Disability– Persons who are recipients of standard rate of “100% disabled” or “requiring constant attendance” under Comprehensive Social Security Assistance– Persons aged 18 to 49 years with specified chronic medical conditions (New eligible group)-Please contact Blue Care Medical Centre for vaccination appointment.-Central clinic Tel : 2523 1808Address : 10/F, 33 Des Voeux Road Central, Central, Hong Kong(MTR Central Station Exit “B” or Hong Kong Station Exit “C”)-Kwun Tong clinic Tel : 2523 9383Address: Unit 2802, 28/F, BEA Tower, Millennium City 5, 418 Kwun Tong Road, Kowloon (MTR Kwun Tong Station Exit “A2”)-For more details, please click:FAQs on Flu Vaccine (Source: Hong Kong Department of Health)Possible Side Effects of Influenza Vaccine

The latest quadrivalent influenza vaccination service will be available in Blue Care.-Influenza is an acute illness of the respiratory tract caused by influenza viruses. It can be caused by various types of influenza viruses. In Hong Kong, the two subtypes of influenza A virus, H1N1 and H3N2, and influenza B virus, are most commonly seen. Influenza occurs in Hong Kong throughout the year, but is usually more common in periods from January to March/April and from July to August.-Since it takes about two weeks after vaccination for antibodies to develop in the body and provide protection against influenza virus infection, it is advised to get vaccinated at least two weeks before the arrival of winter influenza season to protect family and friends.-Price:HK$350 per doseSupplier:GSKSuitable for:Aged of 6 months or above-2025/26 Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine (Northern hemisphere) contains:A/Victoria/4897/2022(H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Croatia/10136RV/2023 (H3N2)-like virusB/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus-No. of dose for injection AgeNo. of dose9 years old or above1 dose6 months to 8 years old(with previous flu vaccine)1 dose6 months to 8 years old(who have never receviedthe vaccination before)2 dosesRecommend to have 2 vaccines at least 4 weeks apart-NotesOffer is valid while stock lastsAdditional fee of HK$100 is charged if prior doctor consultation is required

Depression rates in Hong Kong have recently reached high levels, with severe depression skyrocketing by over 30% compared to 2020 .Most concerning is that 44% of young respondents aged 18 to 24 now experience moderate to severe depressive symptoms . As Hong Kong society develops, uncertainty about future prospects becomes increasingly apparent among young people. Though it may seem obvious, depression affects all age groups, including older adults who face unique challenges. While depression receives extensive coverage, some lesser-talked-about forms of depression are worthy of discussion as well: depression in the elderly, high-functioning depression, and smiling depression.-What is Depression and How is it Related to You?Depression is a common, severe mental disorder that negatively affects how you feel, think, and act. Unlike temporary sadness, clinical depression persists and significantly impairs daily functioning. Key depression symptoms include persistent sadness, losing interest in activities you once enjoyed, significant appetite changes, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and feelings of worthlessness.-Depression stems from various factors, including family dynamics, workplace stress, academic pressure, and social relationships. Those who have experienced abuse, severe losses, or chronic stressful events face a higher risk. In Hong Kong's high-pressure environment, many working professionals encounter multiple triggers simultaneously.-Depression may already be affecting your life directly. Whether you're experiencing symptoms yourself, concerned about a family member, or noticing changes in a colleague. In Hong Kong's demanding work culture, approximately 1 in 4 adults have experienced anxiety or depressive symptoms , making it likely that you or someone close to you will encounter this condition.-Depression in Older Adults and the ElderlyMany older adults mistakenly believe depression is a natural part of aging, poor health, or dementia. This misconception prevents or delays proper treatment and worsens outcomes.-Elder depression often results from traumatic life events such as spousal death, loss of independence, or significant health diagnoses. Additional contributing factors include limited mobility, social isolation, facing mortality, and medication side effects. Signs of depression in the elderly differ from younger populations. Rather than expressing sadness directly, older adults may report persistent physical complaints, memory problems, or loss of appetite. Some elders refuse to discuss emotional struggles due to cultural stigma surrounding mental health, making detection more difficult.-What is the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)?The Geriatric Depression Scale is an extensively tested questionnaire specifically designed to identify possible depression in older adults. This validated screening tool addresses unique presentation patterns in elderly populations and avoids age-related physical symptoms that might confuse diagnosis.-The GDS comes in two versions: a comprehensive 30-question long form and a practical 15-question short form. Healthcare providers typically use the short form as the longer version proves time-consuming and difficult for some patients to complete. Within the 15-item version, 10 questions indicate depression when answered positively, while 5 indicate depression when answered negatively .-In Hong Kong, the GDS has been widely used to provide valuable insights into our community’s mental health landscape. A 2018 study by Baptist Oi Kwan Social Service found that 15% of Hong Kong participants scored 6 or above , indicating a borderline depressed state, highlighting the significant prevalence of elder depression in our community.-High-Functioning DepressionHigh-functioning depression represents a deceptive form where individuals maintain outward success while experiencing internal turmoil. These patients appear productive, meeting all daily and life responsibilities, and seem well-adjusted to colleagues and family members. Beneath the surface, they struggle with persistent depressive symptoms.-People with high-functioning depression experience similar symptoms to major depression, such as persistent sadness, hopelessness, fatigue, and diminished interest, but develop sophisticated masking strategies. They maintain work performance, fulfil social obligations, and project competence. This creates the illusion that everything is under their control and well-managed. -In Hong Kong's achievement-oriented culture, high-functioning depression is particularly common among professionals who fear career consequences of appearing vulnerable. Social media exacerbates this by showcasing curated happiness while concealing the authentic struggles that lie beneath. The constant pressure to maintain appearances prevents many from seeking necessary treatment.-Smiling DepressionWhile not officially listed in mental health diagnostic manuals, smiling depression describes individuals who appear happy externally while experiencing significant internal depression. Medical professionals increasingly recognize this presentation pattern, particularly in cultures with high mental health stigma.-Those with smiling depression maintain cheerful expressions while feeling profound sadness, hopelessness, or emptiness internally. They may often tell others that they feel fine and actively project happiness through social interactions, professional demeanor, and social media presence.-Cultural factors significantly influence smiling depression prevalence. In societies where mental illness carries heavy stigma, individuals may feel compelled to hide authentic emotions to maintain social standing. Perfectionists and those fearing perceived weakness are particularly susceptible. Though it might be hard to identify, there are signs one may see within someone who is experiencing smiling depression. A mismatch between expressed mood and behavior, excessive people-pleasing, reluctance to discuss personal struggles, and perfectionist tendencies are all signs that may signify someone is going through smiling depression.-Unveiling Depression's Many FacesDepression isn’t always what we expect. High-functioning individuals can continue to excel professionally while battling internal turmoil, whereas others maintain a constant cheerfulness to avoid stigma or appear strong. Meanwhile, older adults may suffer in silence, believing their symptoms are inevitable parts of aging rather than treatable conditions.-Understanding these forms of depression as friends or family members is crucial, as untreated depression worsens over time, affecting not just the individual but their families, workplaces, and communities. If you recognize these patterns in yourself or others, seeking professional help is a crucial step toward genuine healing and well-being.-Sources:1. Hong Kong depression rates reach new highs. (2024). The Standard. Available from: https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/article/213040/Hong-Kong-depression-rates-reach-new-highs2. What is Depression?. (2024). American Psychiatric Association. Available from: https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression3. Depressive disorder (depression). (2023). WHO. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression4. Depression in older people. (2023). Health Direct. Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression-in-older-people5. Your Guide to Understanding Depression in Elderly and Older Adults. (2025). Healthline. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/elderly6. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). (2020). American Psychological Association. Available from: https://www.apa.org/pi/about/publications/caregivers/practice-settings/assessment/tools/geriatric-depression7. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). (N.D). HIGN. Available from: https://hign.org/consultgeri/try-this-series/geriatric-depression-scale-gds8. 社區長者情緒健康調查－報告摘要. (2017). Baptist Oi Kwan Social Service. Available from:https://www.bokss.org.hk/content/press/46/201718%20%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E9%95%B7%E8%80%85%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%EF%BC%8D%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81%20Final.pdf10. What Is High-Functioning Depression? Signs and Symptoms. (2024). Cleveland Clinic. Available from: https://health.clevelandclinic.org/high-functioning-depression11. 7 Signs You’re Dealing with High-Functioning Depression. (2024). Redoak Recovery. Available from: https://www.redoakrecovery.com/addiction-blog/7-signs-youre-dealing-with-high-functioning-depression/12. Smiling Depression: What You Need to Know. (2024). WebMD. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/depression/smiling-depression-overview

Uterine fibroids are common, normally non-cancerous, tumors that develop in or around the uterus. Affecting an estimated 20-40% of women of reproductive age in Hong Kong , these growths can vary in size and may not always cause symptoms. However, for some women, fibroids can lead to significant health issues, including heavy bleeding, pain, and even fertility challenges.-The awareness of women’s health in Hong Kong is growing, and understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for uterine fibroids has become an important aspect of maintaining overall reproductive health. For women in Hong Kong, where busy work schedules often overlap with family responsibilities, early awareness and timely treatment are crucial for preventing complications.-What are Uterine Fibroids?Uterine fibroids are benign growths that develop in the uterus, typically made of muscle and fibrous tissue. They can appear anywhere within the uterus, classified based on their location:Intramural fibroidsThese grow within the uterine wall and are the most common type.Submucosal fibroidsThese are located just beneath the inner lining of the uterus and can affect menstrual cycles significantly.Subserosal fibroidsThese grow on the outer surface of the uterus and can cause pain or pressure on nearby organs.Pedunculated fibroidsThese grow on a stalk-like structure, either inside or outside the uterus.-Though most fibroids do not lead to major health concerns, they can cause significant discomfort and complications in some women. It’s essential to be aware of the symptoms, especially if they significantly impact your daily life.-What are the Causes of Uterine Fibroids?The exact cause of uterine fibroids remains unclear , but several factors are believed to contribute to their development.-1. Hormonal Imbalance: The growth of fibroids is heavily influenced by the hormones estrogen and progesterone. These hormones stimulate the growth of the uterine lining during each menstrual cycle, and when fibroids are present, they respond similarly, growing in size. This explains why fibroids are more common in women of reproductive age.-2.Genetic Factors: Family history plays a significant role in the development of fibroids. If your mother or sister had fibroids, your risk of developing them increases. Certain genetic mutations have also been linked to fibroid growth.-3.Other Risk Factors: Several other factors can increase the likelihood of developing uterine fibroids, including:○Obesity: Higher body fat levels can contribute to higher estrogen levels, which may increase the likelihood of fibroid development.○High blood pressure: Women with hypertension may be at higher risk for fibroids.○Pregnancy: The hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy can sometimes encourage the growth of fibroids.-Understanding these risk factors can help you take preventative measures, such as maintaining a healthy weight and seeking early medical advice if you have a family history of fibroids.-Why do Uterine Fibroids Cause Bleeding?One of the most common symptoms of uterine fibroids is abnormal bleeding, which can range from heavy periods to prolonged bleeding. But why do fibroids cause such bleeding?-1. How Fibroids Affect Menstrual Cycles: Fibroids, particularly submucosal fibroids, can cause heavy menstrual bleeding because they interfere with the normal contraction of the uterine muscles during menstruation. This can lead to a buildup of the endometrial lining, causing prolonged and heavier periods.-2. Impact on the endometrial shedding: The presence of fibroids can also disrupt the normal shedding of the uterine lining. Fibroids may cause an irregular blood flow and prevent the proper shedding of the lining, which results in heavier and longer periods.-Women with fibroids often report not only heavier periods but also blood clots and prolonged bleeding that can last several days longer than normal. If these symptoms interfere with daily life, it's important to consult a doctor for an evaluation.-Common Symptoms of Uterine FibroidsUterine fibroids often don’t cause noticeable symptoms, but when they do, they can significantly impact a woman's quality of life. Some of the most common symptoms include:Heavy menstrual bleedingThis is one of the most common signs of fibroids, often leading to anemia due to excessive blood loss.Pelvic pain or pressureThis can be due to the size of the fibroid or its position within the uterus.Frequent urinationLarge fibroids can put pressure on the bladder, causing the need to urinate more often.Lower back painFibroids that press on the spine or nearby muscles can lead to chronic back pain.Pain during intercourseSome women may experience pain during sex, especially if the fibroid is located near the cervix.-If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s important to speak with your doctor. Though they may not always indicate fibroids, they could point to other health concerns that require medical attention.-How are Uterine Fibroids Diagnosed?Diagnosing uterine fibroids typically begins with a pelvic exam, during which your doctor may feel for any abnormal growths in the uterus. If fibroids are suspected, further diagnostic tests may be required, such as:-●Ultrasound:The most common method used to identify fibroids, ultrasound uses sound waves to create an image of the uterus and any growths inside it.●MRI: For more detailed images, an MRI may be used to assess the size, location, and number of fibroids.●Hysteroscopy: In some cases, a small camera is inserted through the cervix to directly observe the inside of the uterus.-Early diagnosis is crucial, as untreated fibroids can lead to complications, such as infertility or severe anemia from excessive bleeding.-Blue Care provide Female check-up plan. The checke-up offer up to 52% off. Click here-to check the plan details.-How to Remove Uterine FibroidsThere are several treatment options available to manage uterine fibroids, ranging from non-surgical methods to surgery, depending on the severity of the symptoms.-Non-surgical TreatmentsMedicationsHormonal treatments, such as birth control pills or GnRH agonists, can shrink fibroids by reducing estrogen levels. Over-the-counter pain relievers may help manage mild symptoms.MRI-guided focused ultrasoundA non-invasive treatment that uses high-frequency sound waves to destroy fibroid tissue without the need for surgery.Surgical TreatmentsMyomectomyThis procedure involves the removal of fibroids while preserving the uterus, making it an option for women who wish to retain fertility.Hysterectomy Insevere cases, a hysterectomy may be recommended. This is the removal of the uterus and is typically considered when fibroids are large, or other treatments have failedUterine artery embolization (UAE)This procedure involves blocking the blood vessels that supply the fibroids, causing them to shrink over time.-Empowering Your Uterine Fibroid ManagementUterine fibroids are common, but they can cause discomfort and affect daily life if left untreated. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options available can help you make informed decisions about your health.-If you suspect you may have fibroids or are experiencing symptoms, consult a healthcare provider for a thorough diagnosis and personalized treatment plan. With the right care, fibroids can be effectively managed.-Sources:1.The Hong Kong College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. (2009). Guidelines for the Management of Uterine Leiomyoma. Number 13. Published by The Hong Kong College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, a Foundation College of Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. Available at: https://www.hkcog.org.hk/hkcog/Download/Guidelines_for_the_Management_of_Uterine_Leiomyoma_2009.pdf2.Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Uterine Fibroids. Available at: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/uterine-fibroids

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects nearly 500,000 people in Hong Kong, with about 10% experiencing the more severe form that can lead to rapid vision loss . As one of the leading causes of central vision impairment in older adults, AMD is becoming increasingly common as the city's population continues to age. WhileAMD doesn’t lead to complete blindness, it can significantly impact quality of life if not managed early.-What Is Age-Related Macular Degeneration?Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye condition that causes damage to the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision and most of our color vision. The retina is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye that records images and transmits them to the brain via the optic nerve.-AMD primarily affects the central vision, making it harder to read, drive, or recognize faces. Peripheral vision usually remains unaffected, so patients will rarely go completely blind from AMD. As the macula deteriorates, fine visual details become increasingly blurry. In advanced stages, patients may lose the ability to see and distinguish faces clearly, read small print, or navigate safely in low-light conditions. As the symptoms of AMD are not noticeable in the early stages, regular eye exams are crucial for detecting changes early and managing progression.-Wet vs. Dry Macular DegenerationThere are two main types of macular degeneration: dry and wet, which are distinguished mainly by the different causes.-Dry Macular DegenerationDry AMD, also called atrophic macular degeneration, is the most common form, affecting about 80% of AMD patients . Although its exact cause is unknown, genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role. With age, the macula begins to thin and deteriorate, leading to a gradual and slow loss of vision. At present, there is no definitive cure or treatment for late-stage dry AMD.-Dry AMD progresses through three stages:1.Early stage: No symptoms, small yellow deposits (drusen) may be found during an eye exam2.Intermediate stage: Some blurring, or difficulty seeing in light3.Late stage: Noticeable central vision loss that may affect daily life-Wet Macular DegenerationWet AMD is less common but more severe, accounting for about 10–20% of AMD cases . It causes rapid vision loss and is often considered the advanced stage of AMD. In wet AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina, leaking fluid or blood that damages the macula and distorts central vision.-Dry AMD can progress into wet AMD, but wet AMD is typically considered a late-stage condition.-Macular Degeneration SymptomsThe symptoms of macular degeneration differ depending on the type and stage of the disease. In the early stages of dry AMD, most individuals remain asymptomatic, and the condition is often detected only during routine eye examinations.-As the disease progresses to the intermediate stage, some patients may begin to notice subtle changes, such as slight blurriness in their central vision or difficulty adapting to low-light environments, for example, when entering a dim room or driving at night.-In late wet or dry stage AMD, symptoms are more pronounced and disruptive to the patient’s daily life. At this stage, patients may experience visual distortion, where straight lines appear warped, bent, or wavy. Patients may also experience a central dark or blurry spot within their vision, making it difficult to see objects in front of them.-Who Is at Risk for Age-Related Macular Degeneration?The likelihood of developing AMD increases with a combination of age, genetics, and lifestyle choices. Individuals over the age of 50 are at a notably higher risk, with the prevalence rising steadily in older age groups. A family history of AMD further amplifies this risk, as genetic predisposition plays a significant role in the disease’s onset.-Smoking is a critical risk factor, where research shows that smokers are up to twice as likely to develop AMD compared to non-smokers . This is mainly because cigarette smoke reduces oxygen delivery to the retina, damages retinal blood vessels, and increases oxidative stress, all of which contribute to the progressive breakdown of macular cells. Those with uncontrolled high blood pressure or cardiovascular conditions may be more susceptible, as compromised blood flow can negatively impact retinal health. Diet also plays a part in AMD, where individuals who consume foods high in saturated fats and low in antioxidants may be at increased risk due to long-term oxidative damage to retinal cells.-How is Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treated?-Treatments for Early Stage AMD - Exercise and DietIn the early stages of AMD, particularly when the disease is still asymptomatic, there are no approved medical treatments. Lifestyle modifications play a critical role at this stage. Stopping smoking, engaging in regular exercise, and a diet rich in leafy greens, fruits, and omega-3 fatty acids can help protect the retina from oxidative stress. Individuals diagnosed with early AMD should undergo annual dilated eye examinations to detect any changes in the retina and address them promptly.-Treatments for Intermediate Stage AMD - AREDS 2 VitaminsIn intermediate AMD, particularly the dry form, clinical studies have shown that a specific formulation of eye vitamins, known as AREDS 2 (Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2) , may slow the progression of the disease. These supplements typically include antioxidants suchas vitamins C and E, zinc, copper, lutein, and zeaxanthin. They do not reverse vision loss but may reduce the risk of developing advanced AMD in high-risk individuals.-Treatments for Late-Stage AMD - Anti-VEGFFor patients with late-stage AMD, particularly the wet type, medical treatment becomes more targeted. The primary treatment for wet AMD is anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) therapy. These medications are injected directly into the eye and work by inhibiting the growth of abnormal blood vessels beneath the retina that cause leakage and scarring. When administered promptly and at regular intervals, anti-VEGF injections can stabilize and in some cases improve vision.-AMD Isn’t the End - Preserve Your Sight with Proactive CareAge-related macular degeneration is a leading cause of central vision loss in Hong Kong’s ageing population, but with early detection and proper management, its progression can often be slowed. While there is no definitive cure, lifestyle changes, nutritional support, and timely treatment can help preserve functional vision. As symptoms usually go unnoticed in the early stages, regular eye exams are essential. If you’re over 50 or have risk factors such as a family history, smoking, or high blood pressure, taking proactive steps now can make a meaningful difference to your long-term eye health.-Source1.Chinese University Medicine. (N.D). Pao So Kok Macular Disease Treatment and Research Centre. Retrieved from https://www.ovs.cuhk.edu.hk/en/research/psk/#1527651831539-3335b82b-3a962.Hong Kong Laser Eye Centre. (N.D). Macular Disease. Retrieved from https://www.hklasereye.com/en/treatments/macular-disease3.NHS. (2025). What is AMD?. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/4.John Hopkins Medicine. (N.D). Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Retrieved from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/agerelated-macular-degeneration-amd5.National Eye Institute. (2021). Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Retrieved fromhttps://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/age-related-macular-degeneration6.British Journal of Ophthalmology. (2005). 28,000 Cases of age-related macular degeneration causing visual loss in people aged 75 years and above in the United Kingdom may be attributable to smoking. Retrieved from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1772624/7.National Eye Institute. (2021). AREDS 2 Supplements for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Retrieved from https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/age-related-macular-degeneration/nutritional-supplements-age-related-macular-degeneration

In Hong Kong, outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) have seen a significant increase, particularly at the start of 2025 . This has made it increasingly important for residents to maintain good personal hygiene, environmental cleanliness, and food safety to prevent the spread of this common illness. With gastroenteritis being highly contagious, understanding its causes and how to avoid it is crucial for safeguarding both personal and public health.-What is Acute Gastroenteritis?Acute gastroenteritis is the inflammation of the stomach and intestines that leads to symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and sometimes fever . This infection is primarily caused by viruses and bacteria, both of which can result in food poisoning or stomach flu. Acute gastroenteritis is an umbrella term for various forms of gastrointestinal infections, which can be classified into four categories: viral gastroenteritis, bacterial gastroenteritis, parasitic gastroenteritis, and non-infectious gastroenteritis. Each type has its unique causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches.-Viral GastroenteritisViral gastroenteritis, commonly referred to as stomach flu, is one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. It primarily causes watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting, with a mild fever sometimes accompanying the infection. This type of gastroenteritis is transmitted through contact with contaminated individuals or by consuming contaminated food or water. The two most prevalent viruses that cause viral gastroenteritis are Norovirus and Rotavirus.-NorovirusNorovirus is the leading cause of foodborne illness globally, accounting for over 60% of foodborne diseases and 95% of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis . It is contagious, particularly in confined spaces such as cruise ships, schools, and hospitals. In Hong Kong, it is one of the key contributors to outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis, particularly in crowded environments. Symptoms of norovirus typically include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps.-RotavirusRotavirus is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children. It spreads primarily through contaminated hands, surfaces, or food, especially in schools and daycare settings. The incidence of this infection in children has been significantly reduced by the rotavirus vaccine, which involves administering two doses of the vaccine separately to babies at 8 and 12 weeks old.Although adults can contract rotavirus, they often do not show symptoms, but can still spread the infection. Older adults are more vulnerable as their immune systems weaken with age. -Are There Treatments for Viral Gastroenteritis?There are no specific treatments for viral gastroenteritis, as antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. The primary treatment one can take is self-care, which includes staying hydrated, especially with oral rehydration solutions (ORS), and avoiding alcohol, caffeine, and other irritants that can dehydrate the body, until recovery is achieved.-Bacterial GastroenteritisBacterial gastroenteritis occurs when harmful bacteria infect the digestive system and is less common than viral gastroenteritis. Common symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, often accompanied by fever. Bacterial gastroenteritis is usually caused by either E.coli or Salmonella.-E.coliE. coli is a dangerous cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, which can lead to severe conditions that may result in kidney failure. The symptoms of E.coli infection include bloody diarrhea, which may last for several days, vomiting and nausea, which make hydration difficult, and severe stomach cramps. E. coli is primarily spread through contaminated food, such as undercooked meat and untreated water.-SalmonellaSalmonella is another common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis, usually contracted from contaminated water or food. It is typically found in undercooked poultry, eggs, and dairy products. The symptoms of Salmonella are similar to those of E.coli, which include bloody diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. To prevent Salmonella, it is advised to cook poultry thoroughly to an internal temperature of 74°C.-Parasitic and Non-Infectious GastroenteritisParasitic gastroenteritis is caused by parasites that infect the gastrointestinal tract. These parasites are typically transmitted through contaminated water sources, including recreational water like pools, lakes, or rivers, where proper sanitation is not maintained. People who travel to areas with poor sanitation or limited access to clean drinking water are at a higher risk of contracting parasitic infections, especially if they consume untreated water or food that has been contaminated by it. Individuals who do not wash their hands properly or fail to follow proper hygiene practices before preparing and eating food are also susceptible to parasitic gastroenteritis.-Unlike infectious forms of gastroenteritis, non-infectious gastroenteritis isn’t caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Instead, it stems from factors like chemical irritants, allergic reactions, or physical triggers such as certain medications or alcohol consumption. Common triggers include caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods, and even stress.-The symptoms of non-infectious gastroenteritis including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, but do not require antibiotics. Managing this condition typically involves rest, staying well-hydrated, and avoiding the specific irritants or triggers that initially caused the symptoms. By making a few lifestyle adjustments and paying attention to dietary and environmental factors, most people can recover without the need for medical intervention.-Beat Acute Gastroenteritis: Protect Yourself and OthersAcute gastroenteritis is a common illness that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, or non-infectious factors, each requiring different prevention and treatment approaches.-While most cases can be managed with hydration and rest, it’s essential to seek medical attention if symptoms are severe, especially for vulnerable groups. Understanding the causes of gastroenteritis and taking preventive steps can help protect your health and prevent the spread of the illness to others. By adopting simple habits, such as proper hand-washing and safe food handling, we can significantly reduce the impact of all forms of gastroenteritis.-Source:1.The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Press Releases. (2025). CHP urges public to be vigilant in preventing acute gastroenteritis. Retrieved from https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202501/08/P2025010800580.htm2.Cleveland Clinic. (N.D). Gastroenteritis. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/gastroenteritis3.National Library of Medicine. (2013). Epidemiology, Prevention, and Control of the Number One Foodborne Illness. Retrieved from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7126578/4.Mayo Clinic. (2013). Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-gastroenteritis/symptoms-causes/syc-203788475.Healthline. (2022). What to Know About Parasitic Gastroenteritis. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/parasitic-gastroenteritis6.Healthline. (2024). What’s the Difference Between Noninfectious Gastroenteritis and Colitis?. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/noninfectious-gastroenteritis-and-colitis

Lung cancer remains one of the most common and deadly cancers affecting the population. According to data from the Centre for Health Protection, there were 5,707 new cases of lung cancer in 2022, accounting for 16.1% of all new cancer cases that year . The majority of patients were male, with 3,340 cases in men and 2,367 in women . These numbers reflect the prevalence of the conditions and the urgency in raising awareness about this disease.-What is Lung Cancer?Lung cancer is a malignant tumor that develops in the lower respiratory tract, specifically in the cells lining the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles. Lung cancer occurs when these cells begin to divide uncontrollably, forming abnormal growths or tumors. Typically, cells divide to repair and maintain tissue. When mutations happen, they cause excessive growth, resulting in masses that interfere with lung function and can spread to other parts of the body, leading to organ damage and breathing difficulties.-Lung cancer can be categorized into two main types:-●Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC):NSCLC is the most common form, making up 80–85% of all cases globally.●Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): SCLC is a less common type, accounting for approximately 15% of all lung cancers globally. This form of lung cancer is typically more aggressive and spreads more quickly than NSCLC.-While both types of lung cancer are serious, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is considered more severe because it grows and spreads much faster than non-small cell lung cancer. SCLC often reaches an advanced stage by the time it is diagnosed, which makes it harder to treat effectively. As a result, treatment options are more limited, and the focus is often on slowing the cancer down and relieving symptoms rather than achieving a cure.-How Does One Get Lung Cancer?One of the most critical risk factors for lung cancer is cigarette smoking, which is linked to around 90% of all cases . A smoker’s risk of developing lung cancer can be up to 20 times higher than that of a non-smoker, with an average of 1 in 10 smokers who will eventually be diagnosed with the disease. The danger of lung cancer isn’t limited to smokers alone, as second-hand smoke exposure can increase the risk by two to three times , posing a serious threat to non-smokers, especially in densely populated areas like Hong Kong.-Poor dietary habits can also increase the risk of lung cancer. A long-term lack of fresh fruits and vegetables can mean the body is missing out on vital antioxidants and nutrients that help repair cell damage and prevent abnormal growth. Meanwhile, a frequent consumption of BBQ or preserved foods introduces carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrosamines, which are formed during high-heat cooking or food preservation.-The Symptoms of Lung CancerThe main challenge with lung cancer is that it shows no apparent symptoms in the early stages. The main symptoms usually appear only when the condition has progressed. The common lung cancer symptoms related to the lungs include:-Persistent coughA new cough that doesn’t go away may indicate irritation or blockage in the airways caused by a tumor.Chest painA discomfort or pain in the chest can be caused by tumors pressing on the lung tissue or chest wall.Coughing up bloodSmall amounts of blood in the mucus could be a sign that a tumor is damaging lung tissue-As the lung cancer spreads to other parts of the body, the symptoms can be different to the ones mentioned above:-Bone painWhen the cancer spreads to the bones, patients may feel deep or aching pain, especially in the spine and ribs.HeadachesMetastasis (cancer spreading beyond the place it first started) to the brain can cause persistent or severe headaches.Unexplained weight lossThe body is burning more energy as it fights the cancer, leading to weight loss even without dietary changes.-The Stages of Lung CancerLung cancer staging indicates the severity and location of the cancer within the body. Only applicable to NSCLC, The staging of lung cancer helps doctors determine the most appropriate treatment based on how advanced the disease is.-Lung Cancer StagingCharacteristics5-year Relative Survival RateStage 0Cancer is found only in the top layer of cells lining the airwaysYet to spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the bodyN/AStage 1Cancer is limited to the lung and has not reached the nearby lymph nodes72.4%Stage 2Cancer has grown and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes45.4%Stage 3The cancer has spread to central chest lymph nodes or nearby structures like the esophagus or trachea24.6%Stage 4Cancer has metastasized to other organs such as the brain, liver, or bones7.8%-The Lung Cancer Treatment OptionsThe type of lung cancer treatment mainly depends on several factors, including the type, stage, and location of the cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health condition.-NSCLC Treatment OptionsFor non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), treatment often begins with surgery, particularly if the tumor is localized and detected early. In some cases, chemotherapy or immunotherapy may be given before surgery to shrink the tumor, or afterwards to eliminate any remaining cancer cells. Suppose surgery isn’t an option due to medical risks or the extent of the disease. In that case, Radiotherapy can be used as an alternative option to help control tumor growth and relieve symptoms.-SCLC Treatment OptionsAs small cell lung cancer is typically more aggressive and fast-growing, chemotherapy is the main form of treatment. Depending on how far the cancer has spread, radiotherapy or immunotherapy may also be used in conjunction to enhance the overall effectiveness. Surgery is rarely used for SCLC because it is usually diagnosed at a later stage when the cancer has already spread. In rare cases where the disease is detected very early, surgery may still be a viable option.-Facing Lung Cancer with Awareness and ActionLung cancer continues to pose a significant health challenge with its high prevalence in Hong Kong and its silent onset and aggressive progression. The disease is particularly concerning due to its deep connection to both lifestyle choices and environmental exposures. From cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke in densely populated areas to traditional practices like incense burning and frequent consumption of preserved foods, the risks are embedded in daily life more than many people realize.-While the disease can be severe, it is not untreatable. Early diagnosis through screening and awareness of symptoms plays a critical role in improving outcomes. At the same time, advances in surgical techniques and systemic therapies have made it possible to manage lung cancer as effectively as ever.-Reference:1.Centre for Health Protection. (2025). Lung Cancer. Retrieved from https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/25/49.html2.Hospital Authority. (N.D). Lung Cancer. Retrieved from https://www.smartpatient.ha.org.hk/en/smart-patient-web/disease-management/disease-information/disease/LungCancer3.Cleveland Clinic. (2022). Lung Cancer. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4375-lung-cancer4.Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. (2025). Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6203-non-small-cell-lung-cancer5.Small Cell Lung Cancer. (2022). Small Cell Lung Cancer. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6202-small-cell-lung-cancer